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CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS AROUND THE WORLD

CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS AROUND THE WORLD

For many English-speaking countries, Christmas has always been the main holiday. New Year's holidays serve as a continuation of the Christmas holidays. The inhabitants of these countries cherish their values and traditions. The way of celebrating Christmas in each of these countries has been influenced by many factors. These are Christian, pagan, and ancient Roman customs.
Christmas in England is usually celebrated with family. This is a quiet family holiday. Grandparents, children and grandchildren gather at the same table. One of nice Christmas traditions is to put nine carrots under the tree – for each of Santa's nine reindeer. On 24 December, a ritual, performed by the youngest member of the family, begins. A candle symbolising kindness and hospitality of the owners of the house is placed on the windowsill. New Year’s Day refers to a less important holiday.
The celebration of Christmas in Ireland takes place over three days. On 26 December the celebration of Wren day begins. A wren dies, which symbolises the death of the old and the birth of the new. The Irish Christmas meal includes stuffed with potatoes and cranberry sauce poultry (a goose, a turkey or a duck), ham pies and Irish stew. The Irish celebrate the New year very cheerfully and massively. They open the doors of the houses so that grief, misery and adversity may leave whereas luck, love, happiness and prosperity can be attracted to their homes.
In Wales, Christmas is accompanied by rituals known from time immemorial. For northerners, the main holiday is Christmas, for southerners – New Year, therefore in the South New Year is celebrated on a large scale. A Welsh house should be decorated with holly twigs and candles. For the Welsh, the ritual of "letting in" the New Year is sacred: during the night of 31 December to 1 January, families open the back door of their houses so that all the bad things may leave. After that love, health, luck and well-being are welcomed into their homes through the open front door.
In Scotland, the holiday of New Year has its own name – Hogmanay. In 1651, the Church banned the celebration of Christmas, so everyone became passionate about New Year. As the clock chimes, the back door closes and the front door opens. It is believed that the old year should go away, and the new year enters the house. On New Year's Day, the Scots do not hire Santa Claus, but a young dark-haired male who goes from house to house just after midnight (the first-foot). Fire is a symbol of the holiday; it represents the arrival of the New Year and the departure of the old one. On that day people fill a barrel with tar, set it on fire, and roll it down the main street. In the United States, preparations for Christmas begin after Thanksgiving Day, which is celebrated at the end of November. The American culture has established many traditions of celebrating Christmas involving family, dinner, and entertainment. One of the brightest Christmas traditions is the family dinner on the eve of the holiday (Christmas Eve). All relatives gather at the table. Everyone exchanges gifts. There is even such a thing as "Secret Santa". The essence of this ceremony is that everyone takes out a piece of paper from a hat so that they can determine recipients of their presents, the name of "Santa" remaining secret.
In the US, carols are very common. They are usually sung in chorus by children in angel costumes on Christmas Eve. On Christmas Eve, Santa Claus leaves gifts in stockings for the kids near the Christmas tree. The Americans imagine the New Year in the form of a baby in a diaper. In their opinion, the New Year develops, matures and ages over 365 days. By the end of December, the baby turns into an old man, who has to transform into a newborn baby. This happens every year. On New Year's Eve people abruptly change their lives, deciding to live in a new way from the first days of the new year.
Canada is a country of immigrants. There are different peoples here. Because of this diversity, Christmas traditions and Christmas cuisine vary greatly depending on the area. Friendly parties are considered the surest way to celebrate the New Year. The coming year is met in noisy companies. A swimming "polar bear" is the brightest.
Canadian New Year's tradition. On the first day of the new year, everyone puts on their bathing suits and starts diving into the icy water, thus welcoming the New Year. In some parts of Canada, people go fishing a week before Christmas in order to bring fish to the temple and sell it on the eve of the holiday. All the money goes to the needs of the parish. The Canadians decorate the Christmas tree and put presents under it. There is a tradition of taking children to the center of the temple to give them candles, which are placed in a turnip peel. This ritual is believed to provide the Canadians with good harvest and therefore well-being in the coming year.
An interesting feature of Christmas in Australia is carols by candlelight. It is a custom in Australia which we can see everywhere, in almost every city or country on Christmas Eve. People get together at dusk or at night and sing carols. This custom is a special time for families. They spend time together, have dinner and take part in different entertainments to get the spirit of the coming Christmas. Nowadays, the annual Australian tradition of candlelight carols draws crowds. People come to parks and outdoor areas to listen to candlelight carols. The biggest event takes place on Christmas Eve in Melbourne – “Sidney Myer Music Bowl”. Celebrity performances can be seen here.
One of the important parts of New Zealand’s Christmas is Santa Claus parades. They take place in November and December. These activities are wide scale and popular and outshine all other events. Other Christmas events held in New Zealand include Coca-Cola Christmas in the Park in Auckland, a concert that features popular bands from the country, and all attendees listen to them, sit around the stage and eat picnic food. Christmas decorations in this country are not as sweeping as in European countries. Christmas in New Zealand is a time for family and friends to share gifts. Many children receive a present from Santa Claus. Santa Claus in New Zealand usually wears sunglasses, beach boots, and shorts. According to traditions, Santa should take part in any activity of his choice on the beach. He can paraglide, sail, etc. The most popular New Zealand Christmas present for adults is a pair of jandals (flip-flops.
There are three indispensable aspects that connect such different and at the same time rather similar traditions of each country: first, the image of Santa Claus which came from the image of St. Nicholas; second, the tradition of decorating the Christmas tree originated in Germany; last but not least, on New Year's Eve, people abruptly change their lives, deciding to start behaving differently from the first days of the new year/

Лиана ИБРАГИМОВА,
Камила КУНАККУЖИНА,
Екатерина РОГАЧЕВА,

студентки 2-го курса ФФ
Фото из Интернета

Стерлитамакский филиал УУНиТ